{"id":11402,"date":"2022-11-14T15:24:46","date_gmt":"2022-11-14T14:24:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pure-ocean.org\/?p=11402"},"modified":"2023-08-11T18:09:56","modified_gmt":"2023-08-11T16:09:56","slug":"article-mangroves","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pure-ocean.org\/en\/2022\/11\/14\/article-mangroves\/","title":{"rendered":"Mangroves"},"content":{"rendered":"<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><\/div><div id='av_section_1' class='avia-section main_color avia-section-default avia-no-shadow av-parallax-section avia-bg-style-parallax   av-minimum-height av-minimum-height-50 container_wrap sidebar_right'  data-section-bg-repeat='no-repeat' ><div class='av-parallax' data-avia-parallax-ratio='0.3' ><div class='av-parallax-inner main_color  avia-full-stretch' style = 'background-repeat: no-repeat; background-image: url(https:\/\/www.pure-ocean.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Mangroves-2.jpg); background-attachment: scroll; background-position: top center; ' ><\/div><\/div><div class='container' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-11402'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'><\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><\/div><div id='after_section_1' class='main_color av_default_container_wrap container_wrap sidebar_right'   ><div class='container' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-11402'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_two_fifth  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  \" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  av_inherit_color '  style='color:#071562; '  itemprop=\"text\" ><h1><span style=\"font-size: 36pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: neutra;\">MANGROVES<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_three_fifth  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   \" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  av_inherit_color '  style='color:#071562; '  itemprop=\"text\" ><h3 style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"font-family: neutra; font-size: 24pt;\"><b>What role do they play in marine biodiversity?\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"font-family: neutra; font-size: 24pt;\"><b>What are the challenges in the face of climate change?<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  \" style='border-radius:0px; '><div  class='hr hr-default  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'><\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  \" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>A mangrove<\/strong> is a group of vegetation composed mainly of <strong>mangrove trees,<\/strong> trees with aerial roots called &#8220;stilt&#8221;, which bathe in brackish water, a mixture of fresh and saltwater.\u00a0 They develop on the coast near estuaries, in the tidal range. <strong>They cover 75% of tropical coastlines,<\/strong> and are spread over 5 different continents: North America, South America, Asia, Oceania and Africa (1). Through its overseas departments, <strong>France occupies 91,000 hectares of mangroves,<\/strong> which makes it the 29th largest mangrove country in the world.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  \" style='border-radius:0px; '><p><div style='height:50px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  av_inherit_color '  style='color:#071562; '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><span style=\"font-family: neutra; font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Mangroves are one of the most productive ecosystems on the planet.\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the land-sea interface, these marine forests provide habitat, food, spawning and nursery grounds for <strong>a wide variety of organisms:<\/strong> algae, mollusks, crustaceans, and coastal fish, etc. They also allow the <strong>development<\/strong> of larvae and juveniles of many species of reef fish, which then reach the open sea as adults. Some terrestrial species also come to <strong>feed and hide<\/strong> in their mudflats like birds (like the grey heron or the kingfisher in the mangroves of Mayotte) (2). They are also a privileged <strong>egg-laying site<\/strong> for certain species of turtles: the coasts of the Democratic Republic of Congo host for example the olive ridley turtle (<em>Lepidochelys olivacea,<\/em> 96% of nests) and the leatherback turtle (<em>Dermochelys coriacea,<\/em> 4% of nests) (3).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   \" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><div id=\"attachment_11328\" style=\"width: 860px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11328\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11328\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pure-ocean.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/repartition-mangroves.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"850\" height=\"557\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.pure-ocean.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/repartition-mangroves.png 850w, https:\/\/www.pure-ocean.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/repartition-mangroves-300x197.png 300w, https:\/\/www.pure-ocean.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/repartition-mangroves-768x503.png 768w, https:\/\/www.pure-ocean.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/repartition-mangroves-705x462.png 705w, https:\/\/www.pure-ocean.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/repartition-mangroves-450x295.png 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-11328\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Distribution of mangrove coastlines in the world (d\u2019apr\u00e8s (Alongi, 2009; Hogarth, 2007; Tomlinson, 1986)<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><\/p>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  \" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><div id=\"attachment_11314\" style=\"width: 2010px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11314\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11314\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pure-ocean.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Mangrove-1-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1335\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.pure-ocean.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Mangrove-1-2.jpg 2000w, https:\/\/www.pure-ocean.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Mangrove-1-2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.pure-ocean.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Mangrove-1-2-1030x688.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/www.pure-ocean.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Mangrove-1-2-768x513.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.pure-ocean.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Mangrove-1-2-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.pure-ocean.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Mangrove-1-2-1500x1001.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/www.pure-ocean.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Mangrove-1-2-705x471.jpg 705w, https:\/\/www.pure-ocean.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Mangrove-1-2-450x300.jpg 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-11314\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Life Below Mangrove Roots, Indonesia<br \/>Credit: Brook Peterson \/ Ocean Image Bank<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   \" style='border-radius:0px; '><p><div style='height:45px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  av_inherit_color '  style='color:#071562; '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: neutra;\"><b>Mangroves, a natural bulwark against climate change.<\/b><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They are also the first line of <strong>defense<\/strong> for coastal communities <strong>against storms, floods and hurricanes.<\/strong> They reduce wave and wind energy but also slow down coastal erosion. In its 6th assessment report (published in 2022), the IPCC recalls that <strong>with the worsening of climate change will come an increase in the intensity and frequency of extreme events<\/strong> (cyclones, floods, drought). The ability of mangroves to mitigate the consequences of these events is therefore vital for tropical coastal populations (4).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Areas covered by mangroves are important <strong>carbon sinks:<\/strong> they trap in their soil sediments up to 4 times more carbon per hectare than tropical rainforests (5). When healthy, they are also able to<strong> store nitrous oxide<\/strong> (N\u2082O), another greenhouse gas <strong>270 times more potent than CO\u2082:<\/strong> by stabilizing the amount of these gases in the atmosphere, it plays a <strong>key role in climate change mitigation.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  \" style='border-radius:0px; '><p><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  av_inherit_color '  style='color:#071562; '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: neutra;\"><b>Destruction of mangroves, causes and consequences.<\/b><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, these habitats are regressing at an alarming rate: <strong>20 to 35% have already disappeared since the 1980s.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>The cause ? The generalization of human activities<\/strong> both on the coast (urban and tourist development, intensive aquaculture, overexploitation of wood, fish, crustaceans and shellfish) and inland (intensive agriculture, mining, deforestation, etc.) (6).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The balance of these ecosystems is disturbed by <strong>agricultural runoff and sewage,<\/strong> which greatly increase the amount of nitrogen in the estuaries when they reach the coast. <strong>Mangroves can then become net emitters of N\u2082O<\/strong> (7). Furthermore, an estimated <strong>10% of GHG emissions associated with deforestation would be related to the intentional destruction of mangroves,<\/strong> which releases CO\u2082 and other GHGs trapped in the sediments. These phenomenons participate in the <strong>retroactive loop of climate change,<\/strong> and thus aggravate the global warming of our planet. In the longer term, their territory are likely to be strongly reshaped by rising water levels, temperature changes (air and water), and depending on their resilience to extreme climate events.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>The consequences<\/strong> of mangrove destruction are numerous and worrisome. Studies have shown a <strong>direct link between the degradation of mangroves and the decrease in surrounding fisheries resources,<\/strong> which could lead to greater food insecurity for surrounding populations (8).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0In the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean, <strong>Sargassum (brown seaweed) blooms<\/strong> have been directly linked to the destruction of mangroves on the Brazilian coast, much further south. Nutrients carried by large rivers, previously filtered by the mangroves, flow out to sea and feed the algae which then form large drifting rafts. Once deposited on the coasts, the <strong>sargassum decomposes and rapidly produces (within 48 hours) hydrogen sulfide (H\u2082S) and ammonia gas (NH\u2083),<\/strong> in mechanisms comparable to those of green algae in Brittany. <strong>These gases are toxic for both humans and biodiversity<\/strong> (9).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  \" style='border-radius:0px; '><p><div style='height:25px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  av_inherit_color '  style='color:#071562; '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><span style=\"font-family: neutra; font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Replanting mangroves, good or bad idea?<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In their synthesis published in 2022 (10), J-P. Gattuso (director of research at the Villefranche sur mer-Sorbonne University oceanography laboratory) and P. Williamson (University of East Anglia) <strong>warn of the limits and dangers associated with the indiscriminate restoration of these habitats.<\/strong> The process of artificial replanting is complex, rarely sustainable, and with <strong>an uncertain total climate balance:<\/strong> in particular, the mobilization of sediments from a bare or deforested area could <strong>lead to the release of large amounts of methane and N\u2082O into the atmosphere. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While waiting for methods to quantify the carbon actually sequestered, and for robust replanting techniques, <strong>it is urgent to protect natural mangroves -and their ecological functions- by preserving their conditions of existence, necessarily decreasing the impact of our societies on these habitats.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   \" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p class=\"sc-1myihpl-9 cntYhz\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><div style=\"width: 1500px;\" class=\"wp-video\"><video class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-11402-1\" width=\"1500\" height=\"844\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"video\/mp4\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pure-ocean.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/OceanImageBank_MarceloJohanOgata_BugDreamer_31.mp4?_=1\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pure-ocean.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/OceanImageBank_MarceloJohanOgata_BugDreamer_31.mp4\">https:\/\/www.pure-ocean.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/OceanImageBank_MarceloJohanOgata_BugDreamer_31.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"sc-1myihpl-9 cntYhz\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Life under the mangroves, Raja Ampat, Indonesia<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"sc-1myihpl-10 dvvdyq\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Credit: <a class=\"sc-1myihpl-11 eRFsOH\" href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/_bugdreamer_\/?hl=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Marcelo Johan Ogata \u201cBugDreamer\u201d \/ Ocean Image Bank<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_third  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  \" style='border-radius:0px; '><div class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-align-center '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><a href='https:\/\/l.facebook.com\/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pure-ocean.org%2Fnos-projets%2Fmangrove-beekeeping%2F%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR1HotO-rC8HyTotRETJ3i9vxEhu72kJxXu7012onKKsCiS5lR6-77utZjc&amp;h=AT01R-odP35W5UCq3rtB1wPYCJ02NsTOXvt3GWEeQbJw5h7nwhgo0-kdPqxHtSbknsyANwMEnXpv2JwoV7xDtjnpbW0SJr-fEYWa12lBobGmgJj3DFmNLgjd2AXBEHFriu7feZBHnmU' class='avia_image'   target=\"_blank\" ><img class='avia_image ' src='https:\/\/www.pure-ocean.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/bianca-ackermann-ys-sZZkdT1s-unsplash-scaled.jpg' alt='' title='bianca-ackermann-ys-sZZkdT1s-unsplash'  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\"  \/><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_two_third  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   \" style='border-radius:0px; '><p><div style='height:25px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u21d2 An example of a project aiming to protect mangroves: the <strong>Mangrove Beekeeping<\/strong> project supported by Pure Ocean<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Mangrove Beekeeping project, supported by Fundacion Mundo Azul aims to install <strong>a sustainable beekeeping industry in the Caribbean mangroves of Guatemala.<\/strong> With a strong territorial anchorage, this initiative aims to bring a direct <strong>economic value<\/strong> to these natural spaces (by the production of honey), and thus to<strong> involve the local populations in its preservation and the fight against deforestation projects.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  \" style='border-radius:0px; '><p><div style='height:15px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: right;\">Agathe Martocq<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  \" style='border-radius:0px; '><p><div style='height:50px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<div  class='hr hr-default  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  av_inherit_color '  style='color:#071562; '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: neutra;\">Sources :\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  \" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(1) R\u00e9partition des littoraux \u00e0 mangrove dans le monde (in Taureau, 2017 d&#8217;apr\u00e8s Alongi, 2009 ; Hogarth 2007 et Tomlinson 1994.<\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/tel.archives-ouvertes.fr\/tel-01698117\/document\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/tel.archives-ouvertes.fr\/tel-01698117\/document<\/span><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(2) L&#8217;utilisation des mangroves martiniquaises par la population : une question de protection et de pr\u00e9servation, Sicou Jihane 2019.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/archipel.uqam.ca\/13401\/\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/archipel.uqam.ca\/13401\/<\/span><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(3) Rapport d\u2019activit\u00e9 sur la conservation des tortues marines au littoral de la R.D.C. De Samuel MBUNGU NDAMBA Coordonnateur de l\u2019ONG ACODES <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/ruffordorg.s3.amazonaws.com\/media\/project_reports\/20927-1%20Detailed%20Final%20Report.pdf\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/ruffordorg.s3.amazonaws.com\/media\/project_reports\/20927-1%20Detailed%20Final%20Report.pdf<\/span><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(4) 6\u00e8me rapport du GIEC. <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/languages-2\/francais\/\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/languages-2\/francais\/<\/span><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(5) Brazilian Mangroves: Blue Carbon Hotspots of National and Global Relevance to Natural Climate Solutions. <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/ffgc.2021.787533\/full\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/ffgc.2021.787533\/full<\/span><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(6) Responses of ecosystem services to natural and anthropogenic forcings: A spatial regression based assessment in the world&#8217;s largest mangrove ecosystem <\/span><\/i><i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969720305143\">https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969720305143<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_half  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   \" style='border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(7) L\u2019oxyde nitreux, un puissant gaz \u00e0 effet de serre, est en augmentation dans les zones mortes des oc\u00e9ans, article de Brett Jameson 2021 <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/loxyde-nitreux-un-puissant-gaz-a-effet-de-serre-est-en-augmentation-dans-les-zones-mortes-des-oceans-164192\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/theconversation.com\/loxyde-nitreux-un-puissant-gaz-a-effet-de-serre-est-en-augmentation-dans-les-zones-mortes-des-oceans-164192<\/span><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(8) R\u00e9habilitation des mangroves comprises entre Fresco et Grand-Lahou en C\u00f4te d&#8217;Ivoire : Zones importantes pour la p\u00eache. Mathieu Wadja EGNANKOU <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/al061f\/al061f05.pdf\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/al061f\/al061f05.pdf<\/span><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(9) Sargasses, causes et cons\u00e9quences, Parc national de la Guadeloupe <\/span><\/i><a href=\"http:\/\/www.guadeloupe-parcnational.fr\/fr\/des-connaissances\/les-missions-scientifiques\/lactualite-scientifique\/sargasses-causes-et\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">http:\/\/www.guadeloupe-parcnational.fr\/fr\/des-connaissances\/les-missions-scientifiques\/lactualite-scientifique\/sargasses-causes-et<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(10) Carbon Removal Using Coastal Blue Carbon Ecosystems Is Uncertain and Unreliable, With Questionable Climatic Cost-Effectiveness, etude de Jean Pierre Gattuso et Phil Williamson 2022\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fclim.2022.853666\/full\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fclim.2022.853666\/full<\/span><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11479,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,43,1,26],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11402","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-science","category-news-en","category-non-classifiee","category-blog-science-en"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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